山药片红外联合热风干燥热质传递收缩模拟与品质

为了准确揭示山药片红外联合热风干燥传热传质机理,在考虑山药片收缩变形特性的基础上,通过有限元软件COMSOL6.1建立了“温度场-湿度场”多场耦合的山药片红外联合热风干燥传热传质模型。模拟研究基于山药片在不同温度（50、60、70 ℃）下收缩变形的传热传质,并通过试验进行验证。分析不同温度对山药片品质（色差、复水比、多糖和尿囊素含量）的影响。结果表明：1）山药片体积比随干燥温度的升高而增加,在干燥温度分别为50、60、70 ℃时,其值分别为34.55%、37.23%、39.04%。2）在干燥温度为50、60、70 ℃时,红外联合热风干燥收缩模型可准确预测山药片干燥过程中干燥温度和含水率,其决定系数R²分别为0.973、0.976、0.981和0.983、0.984、0.974。3）山药片外部温度升高,表面水分开始蒸发,形成水分梯度。随着干燥的继续,红外热量在山药片内部不断积累,导致内部温度升高,水分向外扩散,进而减小了内外水分梯度。随着干燥温度的升高,增加了山药片温度和湿度梯度,促进了热量和质量的传递,提高了水分迁移的速率。4）在60 ℃时,干燥品质最优,其色差为7.49、复水比为2.65 kg/kg、多糖含量为24.17 mg/g、尿囊素含量为2.66 μg/g。该模型为其他物料在红外联合热风干燥技术的模拟研究提供有益借鉴。     

Growth,Reproductive Performance,Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality in F1 and F2 Progenies of Somatic Cell-Cloned Pigs

The objective of this study was to examine the health and meat production of cloned sows and their progenies in order to demonstrate the application of somatic cell cloning to the pig industry. This study compared the growth, reproductive performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Landrace cloned sows, F1 progenies and F2 progenies. We measured their body weight, growth rate and feed conversion and performed a pathological analysis of their anatomy to detect abnormalities. Three of the five cloned pigs were used for a growth test. Cloned pigs grew normally and had characteristics similar to those of the control purebred Landrace pigs. Two cloned gilts were bred with a Landrace boar and used for a progeny test. F1 progenies had characteristics similar to those of the controls. Two of the F1 progeny gilts were bred with a Duroc or Large White boar and used for the progeny test. F2 progenies grew normally. There were no biological differences in growth, carcass characteristics and amino acid composition among cloned sows, F1 progenies, F2 progenies and conventional pigs. The cloned sows and F1 progenies showed normal reproductive performance. No specific abnormalities were observed by pathological analysis, with the exception of periarteritis in the F1 progenies. All pigs had a normal karyotype. These results demonstrate that cloned female pigs and their progenies have similar growth, reproductive performance and carcass quality characteristics and that somatic cell cloning could be a useful technique for conserving superior pig breeds in conventional meat production.     

Effect of different levels of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) on performance,intestinal Escherichia coli colonization and jejunal morphology in laying hens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) on performance, intestinal Escherichia coli count and morphology of jejunal epithelial cells in laying hens. A total of 100 Leghorn laying hens (Hy‐Line W‐36) of 49 weeks old were randomly distributed among five cage replicates of five birds each. Experimental diets consisted of different levels (0%, 1%, 2% and 3% of diet) of dietary black cumin inclusion. The experimental period lasted for a total of 10 weeks, and egg quality indexes and laying hens' performance were measured as two 35‐day trial periods. At the final day, two hens per replicate were slaughtered to investigate the influence of dietary treatments on intestinal E. coli colonization and morphology of jejunal cells. Although dietary black cumin in all supplementation levels decreased (p < 0.05) the enumeration of ileal E. coli, the morphological and histological alterations in small intestine such as enhancement of villus height to crypt depth ratio, increased goblet cell numbers and proliferation of lamina propria lymphatic follicles were observed after dietary supplementation with at least 2% black cumin. Dietary treatments decreased (p < 0.05) the concentration of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and increased (p < 0.05) serum HDL concentration and relative weight of pancreas; however, the egg yolk cholesterol was not influenced by dietary treatments. In addition, dietary supplementation with black cumin improved (p < 0.05) eggshell quality and Haugh unit. The best feed conversion ratio was obtained when diets were supplemented with 2% black cumin. This improvement was due to the increase (p < 0.05) in egg mass and contemporaneous decrease (p < 0.01) in feed consumption. The present results indicated that regardless of supplementation level, dietary inclusion of black cumin decreased E. coli enumeration in ileal digesta and improved serum lipid profile and eggshell quality, whereas the best intestinal health indices and haying hens' performance were obtained by at least 2% black cumin seeds.     

基于电子鼻技术的野生当归与栽培当归气味比较

目的：评价甘肃野生当归与栽培当归的品质。方法：通过电子鼻检测不同当归气味在传感器上的响应值,并采用主成分（PCA）、判别因子（DFA）进行分析。结果：野生当归与栽培当归气味差异明显。结论：电子鼻技术对当归气味的判别与传统经验鉴别相一致,可以作为中药质量的快速鉴别手段。     

蛋鸡日粮中添加苜蓿叶粉对蛋品质的影响研究

选用罗曼粉成年蛋鸡,分成3个处理,处理1喂以基础日粮,作为对照组;处理2和处理3中分别添加5%、7%的苜蓿叶粉,作为试验组。对试验数据采用t检验进行分析。试验结果表明,饲粮中添加不同水平的苜蓿草粉对蛋黄颜色有极显著促进的作用(P<0.01),对蛋的品质及蛋壳品质无显著影响(P>0.05),但添加7%的苜蓿草叶粉时对蛋壳颜色有明显的加深(P<0.01)。     

氮磷钾对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究进展

为了进一步提高马铃薯的产量和品质,简要综述了氮磷钾对马铃薯生长发育过程及产量和品质形成的影响以及马铃薯对其吸收、积累和分配的规律,并总结了影响氮磷钾提高马铃薯产量和品质的因素及肥料类型、合理配比与施肥时期。     

煤矿废弃地植被恢复对土壤质量的影响及评价

按不同植被恢复模式,对汾西集团矿区煤矸石山植被恢复2年的土壤养分进行分析,采用综合评价方法对土壤养分质量进行定量评价。结果显示,植被恢复对煤矸石山土壤速效氮和有机质改良效果较差,对速效磷和速效钾改良效果较好。4种植被模式中,恢复土壤养分综合指数的大小依次为:高羊茅—紫花苜蓿混交模式,紫穗槐纯林,高羊茅—紫花苜蓿—紫穗槐,高羊茅—黑心菊—波斯菊。     

Soil quality index as a tool for Scots pine （Pinus sylvestris） monoculture conversion planning on afforested,reclaimed mine land

In Central Europe,a large portion of post-mining sites were afforested with Scots pine,which is characterized by good adaptability and a tolerance for poor habitat at the beginning of forest ecosystem development.Conversion of monoculture on mine sites into more biodiverse mixed hardwood forests,especially on more fertile deposits,can be an emerging need in this part of Europe in next decades.The ability to classify the forests at these post-mining sites will facilitate proper species selection as well as the management and formation of the developed ecosystem’s stability.This work describes the guidelines that can be followed to assess reclaimed mine soil(RMS)quality,using the mine soil quality index(MSQI)and a classification of developed forest sites as a basis of tree-stand species selection and conversion of pine monocultures.The research was conducted on four post-mining facilities(lignite,hard coal,sulphur,and sand pit mining areas)on different RMS substrates dominant in Central Europe.Soil quality assessment takes into account the following features of the soil:texture soil nutrients(Ca,Mg,K,Na,P);acidity(pH KCl);and Corg-to-Nt ratio in the initial organic horizon.An analysis was conducted of classification systems using the MSQI validation correlation(at p=0.05)with vegetation features affected by succession:aboveground biomass of forest floor and ecological indicators of vascular plants(calculated on the basis of Ellenberg’s(2009)system).Eventually,in the analysed data set,the MSQI ranged from0.270 for soils on quaternary sands to 0.720 for a mix of quaternary loamy sands with neogene clays.Potential forest habitat types and the role of the pine in the next generation of tree stands on different RMS parent rock substrate were proposed.